Polyprenols as an original class of natural compounds having a wide spectrum of pharmacological activity

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29296/25419218-2021-05-02
Issue: 
5
Year: 
2021

A.А. Antipina, V.S. Popov, V.Yu. Balabaniyan M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; 1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation

The paper presents a review, generalization and systematization of literature data on the main plant sources of polyprenols, the methods of their preparation and standardization, biosynthesis, metabolism, a biological role, pharmacodynamic effects, mechanisms of action, and areas of therapeutic use of polyprenols. Polyprenols are an original class of natural compounds, namely: a group of long-chain isoprenoid alcohols, in which 2,3-dihydro derivatives, dolichols, are natural bioregulators. Dolichols are formed in the liver and are directly involved in the synthesis of cell membrane glycoproteins, being oligosaccharide donors in the process of N-glycosylation of proteins, which determines one of the mechanisms of their pharmacological action: the process of cell regeneration and renewal is accelerated. When entering the human body, natural polyprenols normalize natural cell needs for endogenous dolichol phosphate, promoting the intensification of glycoprotein biosynthesis. The most obvious mechanism of action of polyprenols, dolichols in particular, is the suppression of oxidative stress: due to their chemical structure, dolichols has been found to act as fat-soluble antioxidants. In addition, polyprenols are noted to be able to increase the fluidity and permeability of biological membranes, which favors the stimulation of metabolic processes and the increase of cell viability. The properties of polyprenols predetermine their wide spectrum of pharmacological action. The main sources of polyprenols are coniferous plants (various types of fir (Picea), silver fir (Abies), and pine (Pinus)), as well as maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba L.). At the same time, a long-chain polyprenol mixture isolated from the leaves of maidenhair tree is dominated by polyprenols that are similar in the number of isoprene units to that of mammalian dolichols. Polyprenols have a significant, not fully evaluated therapeutic potential, which is the initiating factor in the in-depth study of their pharmacological properties.
Keywords: 
polyprenols
dolichols
isoprenoid alcohols
protein N-glycosylation
dolichol phosphate cycle
oxidative stress
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